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Modi’s G20 Defiance: Why The Global South Is Done Waiting For America

Posted By: Hari Ram Posted On: Nov 21, 2025Share Article
Modi’s G20 Defiance
Banners of various G20 leaders are displayed along a Johannesburg freeway, in Johannesburg, South Africa. (Image: AP Photo)

Modi’s G20 Defiance: Why The Global South Is Done Waiting For America

When Prime Minister Narendra Modi landed in Johannesburg for the G20 summit, he sent a clear message to Washington and the larger “developed world": multilateralism cannot be held hostage by one nation's tantrums. While Donald Trump boycotted the first G20 summit on African soil, citing discredited claims about white farmers' persecution in South Africa, Modi attended without hesitation. His presence underscored a fundamental truth that Trump refuses to acknowledge: the world does not wait for American approval to address its most pressing challenges.

Trump's boycott represents more than diplomatic pettiness. It is part of a systematic dismantling of the multilateral order that the United States once championed. Since returning to office, Trump has withdrawn from the Paris Climate Agreement, exited UNESCO, left the World Health Organization, and now snubbed the G20. His administration even ordered a comprehensive review of all multilateral organisations and treaties with an explicit goal: determining which ones to abandon.

Yet the Johannesburg summit is proceeding without the United States. President Cyril Ramaphosa made clear that South Africa would not be bullied into diluting its joint declaration despite Washington's pressure to avoid one entirely. Trump had demanded that no declaration be adopted in his absence, proposing instead a watered-down statement that would effectively render meaningless the culmination of over 120 preparatory meetings South Africa hosted throughout its presidency. Ramaphosa's response was unequivocal: “We will have a declaration. We will not be bullied. We will not agree to be bullied".

After all, why should a declaration not be adopted? Leaders from France, Germany, and the United Kingdom are attending, alongside Prime Minister Modi and representatives from Brazil, China, Russia and other major economies. The G20 continues to deliberate on debt relief for developing countries, climate finance, disaster resilience, and inequality reduction. As such, the summit has demonstrated that multilateral cooperation can function without American participation, perhaps even more effectively without obstruction.

This brings us to India's landmark achievement during its 2023 G20 presidency. Under PM Modi's leadership, India secured the African Union's admission as a permanent G20 member, integrating 55 African nations into a forum that now represents 80 percent of the global population. Modi announced this decision in the opening moments of the New Delhi summit, striking the presidential gavel to confirm unanimous support. It was the G20's first expansion since its formation in 1999.

The African Union's membership was not merely ceremonial gesture. It fundamentally altered the G20's balance, amplifying voices from the Global South that had been marginalised in global economic governance. Modi's India also achieved consensus on the New Delhi Leaders' Declaration, with all 83 paragraphs adopted unanimously without footnotes or chair's summary, an unprecedented accomplishment given the presence of the USA, Russia and China at the table. The declaration addressed development, climate action, digital public infrastructure, women-led development, and reforms to multilateral institutions.

South Africa's presidency built directly on these foundations. Its theme of “Solidarity, Equality, Sustainability" reflects priorities championed by India and Brazil before it. South Africa placed debt sustainability, climate finance for developing countries, disaster risk reduction, and critical minerals governance at the centre of its agenda. These are not abstract concerns; rather, they represent existential challenges for nations across Africa, Asia, and Latin America that bear the consequences of climate change they did little to cause.

Trump's contempt for these priorities was explicit. His Secretary of State Marco Rubio boycotted the G20 foreign ministers meeting in February, dismissing South Africa's agenda as focused on diversity, equity, inclusion, and climate change, declaring he would not waste taxpayer money on such matters. This reveals the intellectual bankruptcy of the American worldview. To the powers that be in Washington, addressing inequality and climate resilience is wasteful virtue signaling rather than recognition that global stability depends on shared prosperity and environmental sustainability.

The first world's retreat from multilateral responsibility exposes a deeper truth about hegemonic power. When the United States and other wealthy nations dominated international institutions, they championed rules-based governance. Now that developing countries demand reform of financial architecture that overrepresents rich nations, suddenly Washington loses interest. When debt restructuring or climate finance threatens to redistribute resources, American commitment to multilateralism magically evaporates.

India, by contrast, has positioned itself as the voice of the Global South within multilateral forums. PM Modi hosted the Voice of Global South Summit in January 2023, drawing participation from 125 countries whose priorities shaped India's G20 agenda. India understands that its rise depends on a functioning international order where development concerns receive equal weight as financial stability.

If Washington believes its absence will paralyse global economic cooperation, Johannesburg has proved otherwise. South Africa has successfully convened leaders representing the world's major economies to address debt, climate, and inequality despite American obstruction. This demonstrates that Trump's America is not indispensable to multilateralism. It is simply absent. Moreover, by the end of the summit, an eight-member American delegation will attend the handover ceremony, taking over the G20 presidency for the coming year. So much for boycotting South Africa altogether!

Modi's attendance in Johannesburg was thus a vote of confidence not in Trump's America but in the G20 itself. By participating, India has signalled that the forum transcends any single member's petulance. The G20 exists to address challenges that no nation can solve alone: pandemics, climate change, financial instability, debt crises, technological disruption. These problems do not pause for American political theatre.

Developing countries bear disproportionate costs of global crises while possessing insufficient voice in their resolution. India's presidency partially corrected that imbalance by including the African Union. South Africa's presidency advanced debt relief and climate finance. These achievements occurred because Global South nations used their presidencies to centre concerns wealthy countries prefer to ignore.

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The G20 now faces a choice. It can allow Western unilateralism to hollow out its effectiveness, reducing the forum to a platform for empty communiques and photo opportunities. Or it can adapt to a multipolar reality where leadership rotates among diverse economies with distinct priorities. India demonstrated that the latter is possible. Modi achieved consensus on complex issues by bridging North-South divides rather than exploiting them.

The first G20 summit on African soil succeeded despite American efforts to undermine it. Today, multilateralism does not require Washington's blessing. It requires commitment to solving shared problems. India demonstrated that commitment. The United States abdicated it. The consequences for American influence will be profound and lasting.

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