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Experts welcome RBI’s digital payment authentication overhaul

Posted By: Pawan George Posted On: Oct 06, 2025Share Article
India's digital payments are set for a security makeover as the Reserve Bank of India's new digital payment directions, effective from April 2026, will make banks adopt a risk-based model to authenticate transactions.<br><br>While maintaining the mandatory two-factor authentication requirement, the framework moves away from a mere one-time password (OTP) approach to a framework that customises checks based on the transaction's level of risk.<br><br>Experts said the move, which aims to strengthen security while lowering consumer friction, is long overdue in India's rapidly growing digital payments ecosystem. <br><br>“Risk-based authentication uses signals like device compromise, behaviour, location, and transaction history to detect anomalies,” said Anand Venkatraman, partner at Deloitte India. “This reduces false rejections and helps detect fraud early. There's no single fix because fraudsters evolve constantly. But a layered approach improves customer safety far more effectively than static two-factor authentication.”<br><br>Banks can now offer customers alternatives to OTP, such as biometrics or device-binding as one of the two required authentication methods. <br><br>Additionally, when a transaction appears suspicious, for instance, when it is made from a new device, at an odd hour, or overseas, an additional verification layer may be added by the banks. <br><br>Regular transactions, such as paying bills or small purchases, will continue to remain seamless.<br><br>Industry leaders welcomed the change, describing it as progressive and in line with international best practices. <br><br>“By moving beyond blanket checks to dynamic, transaction-specific measures, the RBI raises the bar for fraud prevention while keeping convenience in focus,” said Ajay Trehan, founder of AuthBridge, an identity verification platform.<br><br>Some

India's digital payments are set for a security makeover as the Reserve Bank of India's new digital payment directions, effective from April 2026, will make banks adopt a risk-based model to authenticate transactions.

While maintaining the mandatory two-factor authentication requirement, the framework moves away from a mere one-time password (OTP) approach to a framework that customises checks based on the transaction's level of risk.

Experts said the move, which aims to strengthen security while lowering consumer friction, is long overdue in India's rapidly growing digital payments ecosystem.

“Risk-based authentication uses signals like device compromise, behaviour, location, and transaction history to detect anomalies,” said Anand Venkatraman, partner at Deloitte India. “This reduces false rejections and helps detect fraud early. There's no single fix because fraudsters evolve constantly. But a layered approach improves customer safety far more effectively than static two-factor authentication.”

Banks can now offer customers alternatives to OTP, such as biometrics or device-binding as one of the two required authentication methods.

Additionally, when a transaction appears suspicious, for instance, when it is made from a new device, at an odd hour, or overseas, an additional verification layer may be added by the banks.

Regular transactions, such as paying bills or small purchases, will continue to remain seamless.

Industry leaders welcomed the change, describing it as progressive and in line with international best practices.

“By moving beyond blanket checks to dynamic, transaction-specific measures, the RBI raises the bar for fraud prevention while keeping convenience in focus,” said Ajay Trehan, founder of AuthBridge, an identity verification platform.

Some regard the move as India engaging in a global dialogue.

Sundareshwar Krishnamurthy, partner and India cyber leader at PwC India, said the new framework “signals that India's payment ecosystem is maturing into a zero-trust architecture” where checks take place in silence and only come into focus when something seems suspicious.

“The winners will be those who embed security into the user journey without adding friction – think biometrics, device binding, and behavioural analytics,” he added.

Experts, though, warned that the journey ahead will not be simple.

Some banks will have to update their systems to embrace modern methods like behavioural analytics or AI-driven fraud detection.

“Significant upgrades are needed to enable modern authentication, all without creating latency in the system,” Venkatraman of Deloitte said.

It may also lead to a rural-urban divide, he said. OTPs will continue to be significant due to restricted smartphone access, he added.

The framework also mandates interoperability across all applications, impacting the way banks and fintechs build systems. For cross-border transactions, card issuers need to validate non-recurring card-not-present transactions and register bank identification numbers (BIN) with card networks by October 2026.

The guidelines also bring up legal and regulatory issues.

Smrithi Nair, partner at Juris Corp, said banks will assume a greater share of liability in cases of fraud because issuers are required to compensate customers in case the transactions fail to adhere to authentication standards.

The use of contextual and behavioural data to determine transaction risk will fall under the scope of the Digital Data Protection Act (DPDP), she said. If foreign merchants fail to comply with Indian protocols, cross-border card-not-present transactions may face compliance issues, she added.

While the model strikes the ideal balance from a consumer perspective, it requires ongoing oversight, experts said.

Grievance redressal mechanisms must evolve to protect users from wrongful denial, said Anu Tiwari, partner at law firm Cyril Amarchand Mangaldas. “Safeguards against misuse of consumer data in risk profiling will also be critical,” she added.

Cybersecurity experts said adaptive checks are crucial, but they are not a cure-all.

Huzefa Motiwala, senior technical director at Palo Alto Networks, cautioned that social engineering, as opposed to code, is the initial step in attacks.

“Data shows 36% of incidents begin with social engineering, and two-thirds target privileged accounts. Adaptive checks help, but must be backed by tighter recovery processes,” he said.

Banks must incorporate robust governance with AI-driven safeguards, since attackers are increasingly using AI to speed up fraud campaigns, Motiwala added.

India, currently the biggest market for digital payments, faces both a challenge and an opportunity.

Experts argue that the RBI's framework could become a global standard, given that banks, fintechs, and regulators navigate operational and technological challenges.

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