<h4 class=
Latest News

Turnout shows rise in 2 of 3 Kerala districts where number of voters rose post SIRKasaragod, Kannur and Malappuram were the only districts in Kerala where the number of absolute voters showed a jump after SIR. In the rest of the 11 districts

Volkswagen has taken its popular sedan and given it a bold, sporty twist with the Virtus GT Plus Sport. Starting at Rs 18.99 lakh (ex-showroom)
Latest News

Volkswagen has taken its popular sedan and given it a bold, sporty twist with the Virtus GT Plus Sport. Starting at Rs 18.99 lakh (ex-showroom), this is the top and most performance-focused version of the Virtus. It is designed for buyers who want a sedan that looks sporty but is still easy to

<h4 class=
Latest News

Vlogger slams people dragging heavy trolley bags on newly opened Rishikesh glass bridge: ‘Zero civic sense’The video features India’s first glass-floor suspension bridge, Bajrang Setu, in Rishikesh, which has recently opened to the public. Published on: Apr 11

<h4 class=
Latest News

PM Modi steps out of car, stops for conversation with Rahul Gandhi in Parliament premises | WatchIn a rare display of camaraderie, PM Modi paused to chat with Rahul Gandhi during a tribute to Mahatma Jyotiba Phule. Updated on: Apr 11, 2026 11:00 AM IST By Yamini C S Share via Copy link In a moment

Editorial independence is core to our work. Some links may earn us a commission, without influencing our opinions.<h4 class=
Life Style

Editorial independence is core to our work. Some links may earn us a commission, without influencing our opinions.Bright, peppy sneakers for women to instantly upgrade their mood and outfitBright sneakers are a mood. Easy to style, fun to wear and impossible to ignore

In the middle of an Easter lunch at the White House, President Donald Trump went off script to address speculation about JD Vance's role in securing a deal to
World

In the middle of an Easter lunch at the White House, President Donald Trump went off script to address speculation about JD Vance's role in securing a deal to end the war in Iran. If it doesn't happen, I'm blaming JD Vance," Trump joked, drawing laughter at last week's East Room event attended by

If and when a photograph is taken of US Vice President JD Vance standing next to Iran's Parliamentary Speaker Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf in Islamabad this
World

If and when a photograph is taken of US Vice President JD Vance standing next to Iran's Parliamentary Speaker Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf in Islamabad this weekend, it will make history. That moment would mark the highest-level face-to-face talks between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the United

<h4 class=
Latest News

Centre extends Mahanadi Water Disputes Tribunal''s tenure by 9 monthsCentre extends Mahanadi Water Disputes Tribunal''s tenure by 9 months Updated on: Apr 11, 2026 10:55 AM IST PTI Share via Copy link Bhubaneswar, The central government has extended the tenure of the Mahanadi Water Disputes

Delayed DBS referrals limit Parkinson's treatment outcomes

Posted By: Hemant Kumar Posted On: Apr 11, 2026Share Article
Delayed DBS referrals limit Parkinson's treatment outcomes
Delayed DBS referrals limit Parkinson's treatment outcomes: AIIMS experts

Delayed DBS referrals limit Parkinson's treatment outcomes: AIIMS experts

Delayed DBS referrals limit Parkinson's treatment outcomes: AIIMS experts

Delayed DBS referrals limit Parkinson's treatment outcomes: AIIMS experts

Published on: Apr 11, 2026 10:56 AM IST PTI Share via Copy link New Delhi, Despite clear clinical guidelines, many Parkinson's disease patients in India are being referred too late for Deep Brain Stimulation , reducing the potential benefits of the procedure, AIIMS experts said. Delayed DBS referrals limit Parkinson's treatment outcomes: AIIMS experts DBS, a well-established surgical therapy for Parkinson's, is recommended for carefully selected patients who respond poorly to levodopa, the most effective medicine for managing the disease, develop disabling motor complications such as fluctuations and dyskinesias despite optimised medical therapy, and also develop unpredictable "on-off" periods. "On" periods are when Parkinson's symptoms are well controlled with medication, while "off" periods are when the medication effect wears off, and symptoms reappear. DBS also reduces medication dose, prevents complications like dyskinesias , hallucinations, nausea and hypotension. It also helps to reduce multiple medicines, said Dr P Sarat Chandra, Head of Department of Neurosurgery and Gamma Knife at AIIMS, Delhi, on World Parkinson's Day. However, in real-world practice, referral patterns remain inconsistent. "Many patients in India are referred only in advanced stages of the disease, when axial symptoms such as gait freezing and postural instability have already set in, features known to respond poorly to DBS, " Dr Chandra said. A key contributor to this delay is the widespread perception of DBS as a "last resort" therapy, rather than an intervention best introduced during the window when motor complications begin but before irreversible disability occurs, he said. At the same time, the burden of Parkinson's disease is rising rapidly, driven by an ageing population. " India is expected to see a substantial increase in prevalence in the coming decades, leading to a larger pool of patients eligible for advanced therapies like DBS," he said. As longevity improves, more patients are living long enough to develop motor complications, underscoring the need for timely identification and referral, doctors stated. Over the past decade, access to DBS has expanded significantly across tertiary care centres, including leading institutions such as AIIMS Delhi. Advances in imaging, intraoperative monitoring and device technologies, such as directional leads and long-lasting rechargeable batteries, have improved surgical precision and long-term outcomes, said Dr Satish Verma, additional professor of Neurosurgery. Yet, utilisation remains disproportionately low compared to the number of eligible patients. "Barriers include high costs, uneven geographic distribution of specialised centres, and limited coordination between referring physicians and DBS programmes," Dr Ramesh Doodamani from neurosurgery stated. Another major challenge is the lack of awareness among patients, caregivers, and general physicians. Many patients remain apprehensive about surgery, while non-specialist doctors may not recognise early signs of motor fluctuations or may continue escalating medication beyond optimal limits without considering surgical evaluation, Dr Manjari Tripathi, head of Neurology at AIIMS, Delhi, highlighted. "This often leads to prolonged high-dose drug therapy, increasing the risk of dyskinesias and neuropsychiatric complications," she said. Experts stressed the need for structured referral pathways and wider awareness campaigns targeting both the public and healthcare providers. "Identifying early referral triggers, such as wearing-off symptoms, dyskinesias, and medication intolerance, can significantly improve outcomes," said Dr Tripathi. The doctors emphasised that timely intervention with DBS, in appropriately selected patients, can substantially improve quality of life and functional independence. They also warned that early-onset Parkinson's disease, increasingly seen in people in their 30s and 40s in India, is emerging as a serious but often overlooked health concern that cannot be ignored. While Parkinson's has traditionally been associated with older age, specialists say a growing number of younger patients are being diagnosed, raising alarm about long-term disability and quality of life, added Dr Elavarasi, Professor of Neurology and main coordinator for the event at AIIMS. Neurologists attribute this shift partly to genetic factors, along with environmental triggers and improved diagnosis. "Genetics plays a significant role in early-onset cases, making timely recognition crucial," said Dr Elavarasi, stressing the need for greater awareness and early intervention strategies. Dr Chandra also informed that AIIMS will soon introduce focused ultrasound therapy and is in the process of procuring technology for performing the non-invasive MRI-guided targeted procedure on such patients. The FUS therapy uses targeted ultrasound waves to create small, precise lesions in specific parts of the brain, such as the thalamus or globus pallidus, Dr Chandra explained. In Parkinson's disease, it helps control tremor and dyskinesia that do not respond well to medicines, and provides quick relief without the need for surgery. However, the FUS has some limitations compared to the DBS. It is usually done only on one side of the brain, so it may not be suitable for patients with symptoms on both sides, Dr Chandra pointed out. It has not been recommended by the Food and Drug Administration as a first-line treatment for Parkinson's disease, he said. Also, unlike DBS, doctors cannot assess improvement during the procedure. In DBS, patients are often awake, allowing doctors to check symptom relief in real time and adjust the electrode placement for better results. The FUS therapy is mainly recommended for patients with symptoms largely on one side, especially tremor and for those who may not be fit for surgery due to old age or conditions such as heart disease, Dr Chandra added. He said AIIMS may start doing FUS by August 2026 at a reasonable cost. This article was generated from an automated news agency feed without modifications to text. Parkinson's Disease Aiims Delhi Check India news real-time updates, latest news from India and RBSE Rajasthan 12th Result 2026, latest at HindustanTime Home / India News / Delayed DBS Referrals Limit Parkinson's Treatment Outcomes: AIIMS Experts See Less

New Delhi, Despite clear clinical guidelines, many Parkinson's disease patients in India are being referred too late for Deep Brain Stimulation , reducing the potential benefits of the procedure, AIIMS experts said.

DBS, a well-established surgical therapy for Parkinson's, is recommended for carefully selected patients who respond poorly to levodopa, the most effective medicine for managing the disease, develop disabling motor complications such as fluctuations and dyskinesias despite optimised medical therapy, and also develop unpredictable "on-off" periods.

"On" periods are when Parkinson's symptoms are well controlled with medication, while "off" periods are when the medication effect wears off, and symptoms reappear.

DBS also reduces medication dose, prevents complications like dyskinesias , hallucinations, nausea and hypotension. It also helps to reduce multiple medicines, said Dr P Sarat Chandra, Head of Department of Neurosurgery and Gamma Knife at AIIMS, Delhi, on World Parkinson's Day.

However, in real-world practice, referral patterns remain inconsistent.

"Many patients in India are referred only in advanced stages of the disease, when axial symptoms such as gait freezing and postural instability have already set in, features known to respond poorly to DBS, " Dr Chandra said.

A key contributor to this delay is the widespread perception of DBS as a "last resort" therapy, rather than an intervention best introduced during the window when motor complications begin but before irreversible disability occurs, he said.

At the same time, the burden of Parkinson's disease is rising rapidly, driven by an ageing population.

" India is expected to see a substantial increase in prevalence in the coming decades, leading to a larger pool of patients eligible for advanced therapies like DBS," he said.

As longevity improves, more patients are living long enough to develop motor complications, underscoring the need for timely identification and referral, doctors stated.

Over the past decade, access to DBS has expanded significantly across tertiary care centres, including leading institutions such as AIIMS Delhi.

Advances in imaging, intraoperative monitoring and device technologies, such as directional leads and long-lasting rechargeable batteries, have improved surgical precision and long-term outcomes, said Dr Satish Verma, additional professor of Neurosurgery.

Yet, utilisation remains disproportionately low compared to the number of eligible patients.

"Barriers include high costs, uneven geographic distribution of specialised centres, and limited coordination between referring physicians and DBS programmes," Dr Ramesh Doodamani from neurosurgery stated.

Another major challenge is the lack of awareness among patients, caregivers, and general physicians.

Many patients remain apprehensive about surgery, while non-specialist doctors may not recognise early signs of motor fluctuations or may continue escalating medication beyond optimal limits without considering surgical evaluation, Dr Manjari Tripathi, head of Neurology at AIIMS, Delhi, highlighted.

"This often leads to prolonged high-dose drug therapy, increasing the risk of dyskinesias and neuropsychiatric complications," she said.

Experts stressed the need for structured referral pathways and wider awareness campaigns targeting both the public and healthcare providers.

"Identifying early referral triggers, such as wearing-off symptoms, dyskinesias, and medication intolerance, can significantly improve outcomes," said Dr Tripathi.

The doctors emphasised that timely intervention with DBS, in appropriately selected patients, can substantially improve quality of life and functional independence.

They also warned that early-onset Parkinson's disease, increasingly seen in people in their 30s and 40s in India, is emerging as a serious but often overlooked health concern that cannot be ignored.

While Parkinson's has traditionally been associated with older age, specialists say a growing number of younger patients are being diagnosed, raising alarm about long-term disability and quality of life, added Dr Elavarasi, Professor of Neurology and main coordinator for the event at AIIMS.

Neurologists attribute this shift partly to genetic factors, along with environmental triggers and improved diagnosis.

"Genetics plays a significant role in early-onset cases, making timely recognition crucial," said Dr Elavarasi, stressing the need for greater awareness and early intervention strategies.

Dr Chandra also informed that AIIMS will soon introduce focused ultrasound therapy and is in the process of procuring technology for performing the non-invasive MRI-guided targeted procedure on such patients.

The FUS therapy uses targeted ultrasound waves to create small, precise lesions in specific parts of the brain, such as the thalamus or globus pallidus, Dr Chandra explained.

In Parkinson's disease, it helps control tremor and dyskinesia that do not respond well to medicines, and provides quick relief without the need for surgery.

However, the FUS has some limitations compared to the DBS.

It is usually done only on one side of the brain, so it may not be suitable for patients with symptoms on both sides, Dr Chandra pointed out.

It has not been recommended by the Food and Drug Administration as a first-line treatment for Parkinson's disease, he said.

Also, unlike DBS, doctors cannot assess improvement during the procedure.

In DBS, patients are often awake, allowing doctors to check symptom relief in real time and adjust the electrode placement for better results.

The FUS therapy is mainly recommended for patients with symptoms largely on one side, especially tremor and for those who may not be fit for surgery due to old age or conditions such as heart disease, Dr Chandra added.

He said AIIMS may start doing FUS by August 2026 at a reasonable cost.

This article was generated from an automated news agency feed without modifications to text.

Comment on Post

Leave a comment

If you have a News Orbit 360 user account, your address will be used to display your profile picture.


Previous reports suggested Sunny Deol’s upcoming collab with Kill Director Nikhil Nagesg Bhatt for a full-blown actioner. Now, a recent update reveals the
Latest News
Sunny Deol, Kill Director Nikhil Nagesh Bhatt’s Actioner Titled Lakhan

Previous reports suggested Sunny Deol’s upcoming collab with Kill Director Nikhil Nagesg Bhatt for a full-blown actioner. Now, a recent update reveals the title of Sunny Deol’s next – Lakhan. The film is reportedly a full blown actioner, with whistle worthy dialogues and adrenaline pumping

Just now

Editorial independence is core to our work. Some links may earn us a commission, without influencing our opinions.<h4 class=
Technology
I didn’t want an AI laptop at first but here’s why I chose one as my next laptop

Editorial independence is core to our work. Some links may earn us a commission, without influencing our opinions.I didn’t want an AI laptop at first, but here’s why I chose one as my next laptop and you should tooI was sceptical about AI laptops at first

1 minutes ago

<h4 class=
Entertainment
Aayush Sharma says father mocked his acting dream

Aayush Sharma says father mocked his acting dream, refused to invest in his launch: ‘Won’t pay even ₹50 to watch you'Aayush Sharma recalls his father's harsh reaction to his acting ambitions and how he initially hid his aspirations from his family. Apr 11, 2026

1 minutes ago

<h4 class=
Latest News
Delayed DBS referrals limit Parkinson's treatment outcomes

Delayed DBS referrals limit Parkinson's treatment outcomes: AIIMS expertsDelayed DBS referrals limit Parkinson's treatment outcomes: AIIMS experts Published on: Apr 11, 2026 10:56 AM IST PTI Share via Copy link New Delhi, Despite clear clinical guidelines

1 minutes ago

<h4 class=
Life Style
Fitness trainer says 'stop having Maggi'

Fitness trainer says 'stop having Maggi', shares delicious and healthy coconut curry noodles recipe with 25 g of proteinDivy Chheda's ‘healthy’ recipe boasts 467 calories, 25.4 g protein, and is fiber-rich, transforming a cheat meal into a healthy option for fitness enthusiasts

1 minutes ago

In launching his attack on four conservative commentators who have been critical of the joint US-Israeli war against Iran, Donald Trump wrote that they were
World
Trump's blunt attack on former allies exposes splintered MAGA coalition

In launching his attack on four conservative commentators who have been critical of the joint US-Israeli war against Iran, Donald Trump wrote that they were "stupid people" and that "nobody cares about them". He then spent the next 372 words in a Truth Social post on Thursday afternoon talking

1 minutes ago

<h4 class=
Horoscope
April 11 Birthday Horoscope

April 11 Birthday Horoscope: Here's what the tarot cards have in store for youIf your birthday falls on April 11, here’s what your year ahead looks like, as per Tarot. Published on: Apr 11, 2026 11:00 AM IST By Kishori Sud Share via Copy link If you were born on April 11

1 minutes ago

Nasa's Artemis II mission has successfully sent four astronauts sweeping around the far side of the Moon and landed them safely back home
Latest News
Artemis II mission was a triumph

Nasa's Artemis II mission has successfully sent four astronauts sweeping around the far side of the Moon and landed them safely back home. The Orion spacecraft performed admirably and the images the astronauts captured have delighted a whole new generation about the possibilities of space travel

1 minutes ago

<h4 class=
Latest News
Did NASA check for sharks before the Artemis II splashdown

Did NASA check for sharks before the Artemis II splashdown? Here is the official answerThe Artemis II astronauts splashed down at 8:07pm ET, bringing their historic 10-day mission around the Moon to an end. Published on: Apr 11, 2026 10:24 AM IST By Trisha Sengupta Share via Copy link The Orion

1 minutes ago

Royal Challengers Bengaluru 201-8 (20 overs): </b>Patidar 63 (40); Bishnoi 2-32 Rajasthan Royals 202-4 (18 overs): </b>Jurel 81* (43)
World
Teenager Suryavanshi smashes 15-ball fifty in IPL

Royal Challengers Bengaluru 201-8 (20 overs): Patidar 63 (40); Bishnoi 2-32 Rajasthan Royals 202-4 (18 overs): Jurel 81* (43), Suryavanshi 78 (26) Rajasthan Royals' teenage sensation Vaibhav Suryavanshi continued his sensational run in the Indian Premier League with a 15-ball fifty against

1 minutes ago

South Korean authorities have deployed heat-seeking cameras and drones in a widening search for a runaway wolf that has been on the loose for three days after
World
South Korea deploys thermal imaging cameras in search for escaped zoo wolf

South Korean authorities have deployed heat-seeking cameras and drones in a widening search for a runaway wolf that has been on the loose for three days after escaping from a zoo. The two-year-old male, named Neukgu, burrowed under a fence at Daejeon O-World zoo and theme park in the central city

1 minutes ago

Indian stock markets are set for a holiday-shortened next week, with both the NSE and BSE scheduled to remain closed on Tuesday, April 14
Latest News
Stock market holiday 2026

Indian stock markets are set for a holiday-shortened next week, with both the NSE and BSE scheduled to remain closed on Tuesday, April 14, on account of Dr Baba Saheb Ambedkar Jayanti. Last week, the Indian stock market was closed for two days on Good Friday and Mahavir Jayanti

3 hours ago

Advance registration for the Amarnath Yatra 2026 will begin from April 15 across India, giving pilgrims an early window to secure their permits
Latest News
Amarnath Yatra 2026 registration starts April 15 across India

Advance registration for the Amarnath Yatra 2026 will begin from April 15 across India, giving pilgrims an early window to secure their permits. The Shri Amarnath Shrine Board has announced that registrations will be available at more than 550 designated bank branches

3 hours ago

<h4 class=
Latest News
Chandigarh:Month on

Chandigarh:Month on, 10 in custody reveal how bank, MC officials ‘acted in collusion’The first breakthrough in the ₹116-crore fake FDR scam came with the arrest of realtor Vikram Wadhwa Published on: Apr 11, 2026 7:52 AM IST By Naina Mishra, Chandigarh Share via Copy link The disclosure

3 hours ago

<h4 class=
Business
Tata Sons committed to build Air India into a world-class airline

Tata Sons committed to build Air India into a world-class airline, Chairman Natarajan Chandrasekaran saysChandra's comments, and the Air India townhall, comes against the backdrop of the resignation of CEO Campbell Wilson last week. Updated on: Apr 10

3 hours ago

Hyundai Motor India on Friday rolled out a new model of its Grand i10 NIOS at a starting prcice of Rs 7.09 lakh (ex-showroom). The VIBE Edition adds a slew of
Latest News
Hyundai Motor India rolls out Grand i10 NIOS VIBE edition at Rs 7

Hyundai Motor India on Friday rolled out a new model of its Grand i10 NIOS at a starting prcice of Rs 7.09 lakh (ex-showroom). The VIBE Edition adds a slew of styling and enhanced features to the Grand i10 lineup, including a segment-first dashcam (available in VIBE and Asta) and a new colour:

3 hours ago

<h4 class=
Latest News
Sam Altman breaks silence after Molotov cocktail thrown at his home at 3

Sam Altman breaks silence, shares rare family photo after Molotov cocktail thrown at his home at 3:45 amIn a personal blog, Sam Altman shared that a person allegedly threw a Molotov cocktail at his house at 3:45 am. Published on: Apr 11, 2026 7:01 AM IST By Trisha Sengupta Share via Copy link The

3 hours ago

<h4 class=
Entertainment
Nora Fatehi says people missed the context of her comment on feminism

After saying feminism 'f***** up our society' Nora Fatehi says people missed the context of her commentNora Fatehi has clarified her previous comments on feminism and said that she wants men to step up and be accountable too. Apr 11, 2026, 07:05:37 IST By Santanu Das Share via Copy link Nora Fatehi

3 hours ago

Tankers that want to pass through the Strait of Hormuz are being advised not to pay money to Iran to allow them through, after a ceasefire agreed on Tuesday
Business
Tankers urged not to pay toll to Iran for use of strait

Tankers that want to pass through the Strait of Hormuz are being advised not to pay money to Iran to allow them through, after a ceasefire agreed on Tuesday failed to get traffic moving through the waterway again. The agreement was supposed to include reopening the strait but Iran has suggested

3 hours ago

Multiple people have been killed after gunmen targeted civilians at a picnic spot in western Afghanistan, officials and a local doctor have said
World
Gunmen kill at least four people at Afghanistan picnic spot

Multiple people have been killed after gunmen targeted civilians at a picnic spot in western Afghanistan, officials and a local doctor have said. There have been different reported death tolls from the attack in the Enjil district of Herat province on Friday

3 hours ago

Girl group Katseye have released their first music video without Manon, after she announced she was taking a break from the group.</b> The group
Life Style
Katseye release first music video without Manon ahead of Coachella

Girl group Katseye have released their first music video without Manon, after she announced she was taking a break from the group. The group, who formed in 2023 on the reality competition series Dream Academy, uploaded the video for Pinky Up, which features only the five current members

3 hours ago

<h4 class=
Horoscope
Love Horoscope Today for April 11

Love Horoscope Today for April 11, 2026: This is a good time to focus on emotional stability rather than temporary excitLove Horoscope Today: Find daily astrological predictions for all sun signs. Published on: Apr 11, 2026 7:30 AM IST By Kishori Sud Share via Copy link Aries Love Energy: Stability

3 hours ago

<h4 class=
Latest News
Sector-53 CHB project to have 6 floors

Chandigarh: Sector-53 CHB project to have 6 floors, stilt parkingIn another first, the UT has also doubled the Floor Area Ratio (FAR) from 1.2 to 2.4 for the project, thus paving the way for higher-density development Published on: Apr 11, 2026 7:48 AM IST By Hillary Victor

3 hours ago

After a season of turmoil, at last some light at the end of the tunnel for </b>West Ham</b>.</b> Friday's thumping 4-0 win over Wolves -
Sports
West Ham have fresh hope - but Spurs now in uncharted territory

After a season of turmoil, at last some light at the end of the tunnel for West Ham. Friday's thumping 4-0 win over Wolves - their biggest of the campaign so far - lifted West Ham out of the Premier League relegation zone, and plunged London rivals Tottenham into it.After a season of turmoil

3 hours ago

<h4 class=
Latest News
School staffer held for killing 5-yr-old student in Bihar

School staffer held for killing 5-yr-old student in BiharA canteen guard was arrested for the murder and sexual assault of a five-year-old student at a Jehanabad school, with a principal also implicated. Published on: Apr 11, 2026 7:44 AM IST By Avinash Kumar Share via Copy link PATNA: Jehanabad

3 hours ago

-12</b> R McIlroy (NI); -6</b> S Burns (US), P Reed (US); -5</b> J Rose (Eng), S Lowry (Ire), T Fleetwood (Eng) Selected: -4</b> T
Sports
Magical 90 minutes tightens McIlroy's grip on Masters

-12 R McIlroy (NI); -6 S Burns (US), P Reed (US); -5 J Rose (Eng), S Lowry (Ire), T Fleetwood (Eng) Selected: -4 T Hatton (Eng); -3 B Koepka (US); -2 X Schauffele (US); -1 M Fitzpatrick (Eng); Level S Scheffler (US), L Aberg (Swe); +4 J Rahm (Spa)The Masters

3 hours ago

<h4 class=
Horoscope
5 zodiac signs are likely to attract luck in love

5 zodiac signs are likely to attract luck in love tomorrow, as per a tarot readerLove and emotional connections may take a positive shift for some zodiac signs as per a tarot reader on April 11, 2026. Published on: Apr 10, 2026 11:09 PM IST By Soumi Pyne Share via Copy link Love and emotional

3 hours ago


Sing Up